# PT-141 References: The Cited Literature

> PT-141 references: the full citation list with DOIs and PubMed URLs for the bremelanotide trials, mechanism studies, label, and reviews summarized on this site.

Every source cited on this site, with DOIs and PubMed links.

## The literature

Every quantitative claim on this site maps to a numbered source below. Trials and the prescribing information are primary; reviews and monographs are secondary syntheses. Brand names appear only inside verbatim citation titles, never in our prose.

## References

[1] Molinoff PB, Shadiack AM, Earle D, Diamond LE, Quon CY. PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;994:96-102. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12851303/
[2] Pfaus J, Shadiack A, Van Soest T, Tse M, Molinoff P. Selective facilitation of sexual solicitation in the female rat by a melanocortin receptor agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:10201-10204. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15226502/
[3] Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Simon JA. Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):899-908. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31599840/
[4] Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Clayton AH. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):909-917. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31599847/
[5] Thurston L, Hunjan T, Mills EG, Wall MB, Ertl N, Phylactou M, et al. Melanocortin 4 receptor agonism enhances sexual brain processing in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. J Clin Invest. 2022;132(19):e152341. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36189794/
[6] Borland JM, Kohut-Jackson AL, Peyla AC, Hall MA, Mermelstein PG, Meisel RL. Female Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Neuropharmacology. 2025;267:110299. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39793696/
[7] U.S. Food and Drug Administration / DailyMed. Bremelanotide Injection — US Prescribing Information. DailyMed (US FDA structured product label). 2019. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=8c9607a2-5b57-4a59-b159-cf196deebdd9
[8] Clayton AH, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, Sadiq A, Jordan R, Lucas J, Spana C, Simon JA. Safety Profile of Bremelanotide Across the Clinical Development Program. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2022;31(2):171-182. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2021.0191
[9] Cipriani S, Maseroli E, Vignozzi L. An evaluation of bremelanotide injection for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2023;24(1):15-21. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36242769/
[10] National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Bremelanotide. LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. NCBI Bookshelf. 2021. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK573221/
[11] Lee JH, Lee JE, Harsh V, Clayton AH. Pharmacotherapy for Sexual Dysfunction in Women. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-022-01322-7
[12] Mestria S, Odoardi S, Frison G, Strano Rossi S. LC-HRMS characterization of the skin pigmentation and sexual enhancers melanotan II and bremelanotide sold on the black market of performance and image enhancing drugs. Drug Test Anal. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.2986
[13] Weinberger JM, Houman J, Caron AT, Patel DN, Baskin AS, Ackerman AL. Female Sexual Dysfunction and the Placebo Effect: A Meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000002733
[14] Nappi RE, Tiranini L, Cucinella L, Martini E, Bosoni D, Righi A. Pharmacotherapy for female sexual dysfunctions (FSDs): what is on the market and where is this field heading? Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35430926/
[15] Mihulka O, Curran M, Narasimhan RM, Moore JF, Rojas KE. Strategies for Treating Sexual Health Concerns After Breast and Gynecologic Cancer. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmig.2025.12.021

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A drafting-table dossier of the bremelanotide literature — annotations on the studies, not a prescription pad.