FULL STUDIES, DRUG LABEL, AND REVIEWS
PT-141 References lead to the full papers
Tanning researchers first noticed the sexual effect. The sources below show what later studies found in animals and people.
Each source shows where a study claim came from
Use the number beside a claim to find its source below. Each entry gives the paper's title, authors, year, and link. Trial papers tell what researchers did and what happened to people or animals. Reviews show how experts judged the findings. The drug label gives official warnings. Open any link to check the study group and result.
- Molinoff PB, Shadiack AM, Earle D, Diamond LE, Quon CY. PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;994:96-102. ↗
- Pfaus J, Shadiack A, Van Soest T, Tse M, Molinoff P. Selective facilitation of sexual solicitation in the female rat by a melanocortin receptor agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:10201-10204. ↗
- Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Simon JA. Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):899-908. ↗
- Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Clayton AH. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):909-917. ↗
- Thurston L, Hunjan T, Mills EG, Wall MB, Ertl N, Phylactou M, et al. Melanocortin 4 receptor agonism enhances sexual brain processing in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. J Clin Invest. 2022;132(19):e152341. ↗
- Borland JM, Kohut-Jackson AL, Peyla AC, Hall MA, Mermelstein PG, Meisel RL. Female Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Neuropharmacology. 2025;267:110299. ↗
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration / DailyMed. Bremelanotide Injection — US Prescribing Information. DailyMed (US FDA structured product label). 2019. ↗
- Clayton AH, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, Sadiq A, Jordan R, Lucas J, Spana C, Simon JA. Safety Profile of Bremelanotide Across the Clinical Development Program. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2022;31(2):171-182. ↗
- Cipriani S, Maseroli E, Vignozzi L. An evaluation of bremelanotide injection for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2023;24(1):15-21. ↗
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Bremelanotide. LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. NCBI Bookshelf. 2021. ↗
- Lee JH, Lee JE, Harsh V, Clayton AH. Pharmacotherapy for Sexual Dysfunction in Women. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2022. ↗
- Mestria S, Odoardi S, Frison G, Strano Rossi S. LC-HRMS characterization of the skin pigmentation and sexual enhancers melanotan II and bremelanotide sold on the black market of performance and image enhancing drugs. Drug Test Anal. 2021. ↗
- Weinberger JM, Houman J, Caron AT, Patel DN, Baskin AS, Ackerman AL. Female Sexual Dysfunction and the Placebo Effect: A Meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2018. ↗
- Nappi RE, Tiranini L, Cucinella L, Martini E, Bosoni D, Righi A. Pharmacotherapy for female sexual dysfunctions (FSDs): what is on the market and where is this field heading? Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2023. ↗
- Mihulka O, Curran M, Narasimhan RM, Moore JF, Rojas KE. Strategies for Treating Sexual Health Concerns After Breast and Gynecologic Cancer. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2025. ↗
- Dhillon S, Keam SJ. Bremelanotide: First Approval Drugs. 2019;79:1599-1606. ↗
- White WB, Myers MG, Jordan R, Lucas J. Usefulness of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring to assess the melanocortin receptor agonist bremelanotide J Hypertens. 2017;35(4):761-768. ↗
- Clayton AH, Lucas J, DeRogatis LR, Jordan R. Phase I Randomized Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Study of the Safety and Tolerability of Bremelanotide Coadministered With Ethanol in Healthy Male and Female Participants Clin Ther. 2017;39(3):514-526.e14. ↗
- Nelson ME, Bryant SM, Aks SE. Melanotan II injection resulting in systemic toxicity and rhabdomyolysis. Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.). 2012. ↗
- Spana C, Jordan R, Fischkoff S. Effect of bremelanotide on body weight of obese women: Data from two phase 1 randomized controlled trials Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022;24(6):1084-1093. ↗
- Bardhan M, Anand A, Javed A, Chilo MA, Khan N, Garg T. Polymorphism of Melanocortin Receptor Genes-Association with Inflammatory Traits and Diseases. Diseases (Basel, Switzerland). 2025. ↗
- Hadley ME, Dorr RT. Melanocortin peptide therapeutics: historical milestones, clinical studies and commercialization. Peptides. 2006. ↗
- Hedlund P. PT-141 Palatin. Current opinion in investigational drugs (London, England : 2000). 2004. ↗
- Al Shaer D, Al Musaimi O, Albericio F, de la Torre BG. 2019 FDA TIDES (Peptides and Oligonucleotides) Harvest. Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland). 2020. ↗